2014年6月12日星期四
German engineering innovation cost up to 13.3 billion
| Machinery and equipment manufacturing industry is one of the five major industries in Germany; it is ahead of electrical equipment and car manufacturing industry. In 2013, Germany has 6 million machinery and equipment manufacturing company, about 9.86 million employees. It is need to emphasize that car production and electrical equipment production generally have significant characteristics of parts standardization and mass production, thus construction machinery field is usually with single, small-scale production. And engineering machinery field is mostly medium-sized enterprises, 87% of employees less than 250 people, two-thirds of the enterprise employees are even less than 100 people, only 2% of the enterprise employees more than 1000 people. The small and medium-sized enterprises with their particular areas of expertise, to become the world's market leader. German engineering machinery industry is export-oriented industry, 77% of revenue from overseas markets. In 2013 German machinery field trade surplus is 9.3 billion Euros. Machinery industry growing globally, embodied in that German machinery companies’ foreign direct investment (FDI) and capital from foreign direct investment in machinery industry are both growing significantly. Germany has 15.9% share of global mechanical industry trade, ahead of United States and China. Apply latest technology is a prominent feature of German engineering industry. With the innovation of product and service, it has helped customers win competitive In 2012, engineering machinery industry innovation cost is 13.3 billion Euros, significantly higher than (R&D) cost (2012 R&D expenditure in this area is5.8 billion euro). This difference shows the importance of engineering innovation. Received a good education of high-level technical personnel is the most precious wealth for German engineering machinery industry, there are 183000 engineers in construction machinery industry, In fact, only the excellent technical engineers can ensure the engineering machinery industry innovation.  |
China's slowdown in demand will affect US earnings
Data released last weekend said there is 1.6% decline in Chinese imports in May, which is taken as a signal of slowing demand by economists
On the other hand, Hong Kong has a 9.8% year-on-year decline in retail sales in May, which is a twice drop than economists estimated. Mainly attributed from jewelry, watches, clocks, and other precious gift sales decline, because these goods sales fell reach to 39.9% year-on-year decline. Hong Kong's retail sales are seen as a good representative indicator of consumer spending in China, many luxury goods sales in the city are driven by visitors from the mainland.
Italian luxury-goods giant Prada released the earnings last week that disappointed the investors, partly because of Asia-pacific region sales fell sharply.
Consumer edge research report pointed out Consumer goods will be the most affected companies: cosmetic products giant Procter & Gamble Company has 8% of its sales come from Chinese market, while 8% of the total sales revenue does not seem to be too many, but as the slow growth in global market, it is enough to lead to the r
FAG HCS71916C.T.P4S.UL| FAG HCS71913E.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71914C.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71912E.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71911E.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS7010C.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71906E.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS7008C.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71906C.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71905E.T.P4S.UL
On the other hand, Hong Kong has a 9.8% year-on-year decline in retail sales in May, which is a twice drop than economists estimated. Mainly attributed from jewelry, watches, clocks, and other precious gift sales decline, because these goods sales fell reach to 39.9% year-on-year decline. Hong Kong's retail sales are seen as a good representative indicator of consumer spending in China, many luxury goods sales in the city are driven by visitors from the mainland.
Italian luxury-goods giant Prada released the earnings last week that disappointed the investors, partly because of Asia-pacific region sales fell sharply.
Consumer edge research report pointed out Consumer goods will be the most affected companies: cosmetic products giant Procter & Gamble Company has 8% of its sales come from Chinese market, while 8% of the total sales revenue does not seem to be too many, but as the slow growth in global market, it is enough to lead to the r
FAG HCS71916C.T.P4S.UL| FAG HCS71913E.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71914C.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71912E.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71911E.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS7010C.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71906E.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS7008C.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71906C.T.P4S.UL | FAG HCS71905E.T.P4S.UL
2013年8月15日星期四
Priceless ceramics
Stray electrical current can rapidly reduce bearing lifespan and inflate maintenance costs. If you are concerned about the effects of electrical discharge, it may be time to start investing in ceramics, says Phil Burge, Communication Manager at SKF.
Ceramic ball bearings were first used commercially in the 1960s and 1970s in high performance applications such as jet engines, where their combination of strength and lightness offered significant advantages. Today, following steady development, ceramic ball bearings are found in a wide range of equipment, from F1 engines to machine tools.
More recently, hybrid rolling bearings, comprising ceramic balls and a split inner bearing ring, have been introduced to an expanding range of applications, including rail and renewable energy. In each case, it is the characteristics of the ceramic or silicon nitride materials that are so attractive to engineers.
Demonstrating these characteristics in real-world conditions depends on extensive testing of ceramic balls, which in turn supports further product developments; for example, a detailed understanding of factors such as bearing surface properties, endurance and rolling contact fatigue has led to the recent introduction of large ceramic balls over 47mm in diameter, which are now being adopted in wind turbine generators.
Hybrid ceramic ball bearings have a higher speed capability than standard steel bearings and will provide longer service life than all-steel bearings in most applications. They are also excellent electrical insulators. When electrical current passes across bearings, a washboard or fluting pattern appears on the raceways, in addition to a darkened grey appearance. This damage usually results in excessive noise, which subsequently requires the bearing to be replaced. Besides the surface damage, premature aging of the lubricant also occurs. In contrast, the natural insulating properties of ceramic material eliminate this type of damage.
Stray currents inside motors can come from a number of sources, including rotor asymmetries, unbalanced windings and variable speed drives. The latter are increasingly popular and therefore a growing cause of stray currents. In many motor installations, the bearings provide the path of least resistance for stray currents; the lubricant film in a rolling element bearing acts as a capacitor, and when the voltage difference that builds up between the bearing casing and the rolling elements overcomes the insulation provided by the lubricant a discharge occurs. As a result heat generated by the discharge causes local melting of the bearing metal surface. Bearings with ceramic rolling elements can be particularly useful in eliminating the electrical pathway through the motor bearings, providing perfect electrical insulation between stator and rotor.
It is easy to see how hybrids can increase bearing life in some applications, but some engineers have naturally questioned the cost of a hybrid bearing, which is typically higher than that of a standard steel bearing. In reality, the price difference is soon recovered in maintenance savings, which escalate rapidly when bearings are repeatedly damaged by stray electrical currents.
Of course, not all applications will require hybrid ceramic bearings; it all depends on the specification. Steel bearings that are designed into applications based solely on loading conditions without taking into account factors such as lubrication, contamination and maintenance may well be wrongly specified and will not reach their potential lifespan. With the right specification, a hybrid ceramic bearing can offer a lifespan up to ten times that of a standard steel bearing, reducing the need for machine maintenance and costly interruptions to production.
And there are further benefits; without regular and correctly measured lubrication, standard bearings wear and fail prematurely, but hybrids require less lubricant and therefore the margin of error is wider. Hybrid bearings run cooler and can operate with thinner lubricant films, so there is less aging of the grease and required re-lubrication intervals are longer.
Hybrid ceramic bearings have proved so effective that they are now offered in extra-large bore sizes to combat the dangers of stray electrical currents in a relatively new and demanding application, where the need to prevent maintenance work is especially high: wind turbines. The pressure to minimise maintenance visits to remote and hard to access wind turbines, where premature bearing failure, generator breakdown and unplanned turbine downtime can prove costly, is relieved by hybrid ceramic ball bearings, which are now available in sizes specifically designed to fit these turbines.
Ceramic ball bearings were first used commercially in the 1960s and 1970s in high performance applications such as jet engines, where their combination of strength and lightness offered significant advantages. Today, following steady development, ceramic ball bearings are found in a wide range of equipment, from F1 engines to machine tools.
More recently, hybrid rolling bearings, comprising ceramic balls and a split inner bearing ring, have been introduced to an expanding range of applications, including rail and renewable energy. In each case, it is the characteristics of the ceramic or silicon nitride materials that are so attractive to engineers.
Demonstrating these characteristics in real-world conditions depends on extensive testing of ceramic balls, which in turn supports further product developments; for example, a detailed understanding of factors such as bearing surface properties, endurance and rolling contact fatigue has led to the recent introduction of large ceramic balls over 47mm in diameter, which are now being adopted in wind turbine generators.
Hybrid ceramic ball bearings have a higher speed capability than standard steel bearings and will provide longer service life than all-steel bearings in most applications. They are also excellent electrical insulators. When electrical current passes across bearings, a washboard or fluting pattern appears on the raceways, in addition to a darkened grey appearance. This damage usually results in excessive noise, which subsequently requires the bearing to be replaced. Besides the surface damage, premature aging of the lubricant also occurs. In contrast, the natural insulating properties of ceramic material eliminate this type of damage.
Stray currents inside motors can come from a number of sources, including rotor asymmetries, unbalanced windings and variable speed drives. The latter are increasingly popular and therefore a growing cause of stray currents. In many motor installations, the bearings provide the path of least resistance for stray currents; the lubricant film in a rolling element bearing acts as a capacitor, and when the voltage difference that builds up between the bearing casing and the rolling elements overcomes the insulation provided by the lubricant a discharge occurs. As a result heat generated by the discharge causes local melting of the bearing metal surface. Bearings with ceramic rolling elements can be particularly useful in eliminating the electrical pathway through the motor bearings, providing perfect electrical insulation between stator and rotor.
It is easy to see how hybrids can increase bearing life in some applications, but some engineers have naturally questioned the cost of a hybrid bearing, which is typically higher than that of a standard steel bearing. In reality, the price difference is soon recovered in maintenance savings, which escalate rapidly when bearings are repeatedly damaged by stray electrical currents.
Of course, not all applications will require hybrid ceramic bearings; it all depends on the specification. Steel bearings that are designed into applications based solely on loading conditions without taking into account factors such as lubrication, contamination and maintenance may well be wrongly specified and will not reach their potential lifespan. With the right specification, a hybrid ceramic bearing can offer a lifespan up to ten times that of a standard steel bearing, reducing the need for machine maintenance and costly interruptions to production.
And there are further benefits; without regular and correctly measured lubrication, standard bearings wear and fail prematurely, but hybrids require less lubricant and therefore the margin of error is wider. Hybrid bearings run cooler and can operate with thinner lubricant films, so there is less aging of the grease and required re-lubrication intervals are longer.
Hybrid ceramic bearings have proved so effective that they are now offered in extra-large bore sizes to combat the dangers of stray electrical currents in a relatively new and demanding application, where the need to prevent maintenance work is especially high: wind turbines. The pressure to minimise maintenance visits to remote and hard to access wind turbines, where premature bearing failure, generator breakdown and unplanned turbine downtime can prove costly, is relieved by hybrid ceramic ball bearings, which are now available in sizes specifically designed to fit these turbines.
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